AO2 footbal (games based sport)

Skills

The more important a skill is depends on where the player is playing. There are many skills involved in football. These skills help you score and stop goals.

The basic skills in football are:

Passing: If you can pass you have a better chance of holding position and you can gradually go forward and score.

Shooting: If you can shoot then your team has a better chance of scoring.

 

Heading: Heading is mainly for defenders and corners; you have to be able to head the ball into the goal, and out of your own area.

Throwing. Throwing is for throw on; this is when the ball is out of the pitch and the team that didn’t kick it off gets to throw the ball to one of their team mates. You need to be able to throw, so you can get the ball far away to some one who is on your team.

Dribbling: You need to be able to dribble so you can get past other players. You could do step over, three sixty, out run your opponent, there are lots of skills involved in dribbling.

Running: Running is part of dribbling, you need to be able to run past other players or run to get the ball from opposite teams’ players.

Diving and catching for goal keepers. Goal keepers need to be able to catch the ball so it doesn't go into the goal, and they need to be able to catch if a corner is coming in. Goal keepers also need to be able to dive, this is because if the opposite team is taking a penalty the goal keeper needs to be able to dive and catch the ball.

If you are a defender you need to be able to:

Jump, Head the ball, accelerate with the ball, be agile and have lots of stamina. These skills are important because they are the basic skills a defender needs.

If you are a midfielder you would need to be able to do all types of skills, because midfielders have to attack and defend.

If you were a striker the most important skill you would need is to shoot and score.

Technique:

For passing you need to be able to pick out players that are not marked and see players who are making runs for the ball. Passing is very important because it makes the ball progresses and gives you possession of the ball. Before you can make a pass you need to be able to control a pass, you can do this by wrapping your feet around the ball when it comes to you, you can also cushion the ball so it doesn't get away from you.

The technique you use for shooting is to point one of your feet where you want the ball to go then position your body the correct way and shoot. You can do this technique if you are about to take a free kick, but when the ball instantly comes to you and you do not have time for that you have to look up first to see where the goal is and where you want the ball to go, then you look down to see if your feet are positioned the proper way then you shoot but making sure your body position and your feet are in the direction you want to shoot and you keep on looking at the ball incase it doesn't go in, and you have to be prepared for any rebound.

Heading: the technique you use for heading is bringing your head back and then push forward, this makes the ball go in the direction you want it to go, but you have to place your head in the direction to.

Dribbling: there are various techniques for dribbling but I am going to talk about step over, the first point you need to remember about step over is you are trying to trick the defender so you have to use your body weight. You have to bring your foot round the ball the first time and shift your body weight, this makes the defender think you are going the way your body is moving to, and then you push away the ball to the opposite direction.

Diving: diving is only for goal keepers; it’s basically jumping to save the ball.

Tactics

Tactic is structuring how certain people are going to play and where they are going to play in a football match. For example, if a team is slow then you know to put your fast players on and they should play on the wide, this way you are targeting the opposition teams’ weaknesses weakness.

You can also find the strength and weakness of other teams. Professional teams watch videos of their next opponent. They do this to find out the team’s strength and weakness. This then helps them know how to play well against them.

Strategies

 

The strategies are how the manager wants the whole team to play. So if your opponent is not a good team, team then your strategies would be to attack and don't give them the ball, but the tactic for different players would be to attack from the wide. And that is the difference.

AO1 football (games based sport)

Football
Rules of the game:
Football is a fast paced and classed as a non-contact game.
There are several rules for football and these rules were decided by the F A. The rules effect the players the staff the manager, coaches and everyone else involved. These rules cover three main areas, first is betting, then inside information, and last match fixing.
These rules help everyone to be at their best while at the match and it helps the players be at their best.
Rules on the pitch:
The rules on the pitch are:
• Respect the referee
• Each team has to start with 11 players on the pitch ( one of them is a goalkeeper)
• Goal keepers are the only players allowed to play with any part of their body, there only allowed do this in the penalty area, in front of their own goal
• The offside rule, this is when a player is in the opponents half of the pitch. He is in front of the ball. The ball is last touched by another player on his team. There are less than two opposing players (can include the goalkeeper) who are level with him or in advance of him on the pitch, and, He receives a pass or interferes with play.
• These are the main rules, and they are enforced by the fa.
• No two footed tackle.
• Classed as a non contact game.

Playing positions.
There are different positions to play in football; there is midfield, defender, attacker and goalkeeper. There are also different formations in football E.G.
• 4 defenders 3 midfield and 3 attackers/forward
• 4,4,2
• 5, 4, 1
• 4, 3, 1, 2

• 3, 5, 2

• There are different types of position, and you can use any of them, but just as long as there are 11 players on the field

There are different tactics in football, E.G the attacking formation, Offensive.
The length of a pitch must be between 90m and 120m, and the width must be nothing less than 45m and not more than 90m.
• The penalty box is 12 yards away from goal.
• The goal is 2.44m high and 7.32 meters wide.
• There is an 18yds box with a smaller box in it called the 6yds box.
Football originally started from everywhere in the world, but it started to take shape in England at 1863. On October 1963, eleven London clubs and schools sent their representatives to the Freemason's Tavern. These representatives were planning on clarifying the rules by making a set of fundamental rules, acceptable to all teams, to manage the matches played amongst them. This meeting was the begging of the Football Association. The endless arguments concerning shin-kicking, tripping and carrying the ball was talked about. On the 8th of December 1863 the Rugby style finally left the way people played football. People wanted no part in a game that had tripping, shin-kicking and carrying the ball. On 8 December 1863, football and rugby finally split. Their separation became totally opposed six years later when a rule was included in the football rules not allowing any handling of the ball (not only carrying it). 48 years later the Football Association is now called the F.A. for short and there are even more rules and technologyes.
Fifa is International Federation of Association Football, and it is an association governed by Swiss law founded in 1904 and based in Zurich. It is one of the main football organizations.
There are lots of English/foreign leagues E.G.:
• Premier league. This league is for the top English teams. This is a examples of the top team logos

• Championship. This league is for the second to top English teams. These are the two top team’s logos.

• League one. These are the two top team’s logos.

• Scottish premier. This league is for the top Scottish teams. This is the top teams logo

• (France) ligue 1. This league is for the top French teams. This is the top teams logo.

• (Italian) seria A. This league is for the top Italian teams. This is the top teams logo.

• (Spanish) primera liga. This league is for the top Spanish teams. This is the top teams logo
This teams that I have shown the logo are in the top 3 places these year on their league.

The role models in football are people who follow the roles, don’t cheat, show a good example to little children, and don't do inappropriate things, this is why I have chosen Gianfranco Zola :
Zola was born in Oliena, Sardinia on July 5, 1966 and his first professional team was Nuorese. In his early career he also featured for Torres, later moving to Napoli in 1989 where he would become understudy to Diego Maradona. Later he became Napoli's first-choice striker as Maradona tested positive for drugs, ruining his Napoli career.
In 1991 Zola helped Napoli to the European Super Cup and was also called up to the Italy squad under Arrigo Sacchi. Two years later it was time for Zola to move on again and he was signed by Parma where he would partner another South American, Columbia's Faustino Asprilla. Joining Parma proved a fruitful experience for Zola, winning the UEFA cup and finishing runners-up in Serie A and the Italian Cup. Unfortunately (for Parma or Zola depending on how you look at it) he could never fit into the managers plans.
Zola had never taken drugs and still influences many people even though he is retired.
Another major role model is Ryan Giggs, he is the holder of almost every individual record in the English league, he was born Ryan Joseph Wilson on 29 November 1973he is a Welsh professional footballer who plays for Manchester United. Giggs made his first appearance for the club during the 1990–91 seasons and has been a regular player since the1991–92 seasons. He established himself as a left winger during the 1990s, and continuing in this position well into the 2000s, though he has been increasingly used in a deeper playmaking role in his later years.
Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history. He also holds the club record for most competitive appearances. Giggs has won 12 premier league, 4 F.A cup, 3 league cups and 2 champions league winners medal.
Giggs is a major influence as he is still playing for Manchester united and has a very good behaviour.
My four top players of English premier league this year are:
• Daniel sturridge, because hes come from nowhere to be one of Chelsea’s young talent.
• Wayne Rooney, even though he wasn’t setting a good example in the England vs. Montenegro he still has scored so many goal and is healthy and fit.
• Sergio aguero is been on form lately and it seems every time he plays he either scores a goal or creates one.
• Juan Mata, the Spanish has shown English premier league what the Spanish people have to offer, he is one of the most talented players this year.
Equipment
For football you need the following if you’re a player/referee:
• Boots
• Cleats
• Shin guard
• Gloves (goal keeper)
• Long sleeve and long pants for diving (goal keeper)
• Same colour clothing, so you can find your team mate.
• 2 goals, with net attached to them.
• 4 flags for each corner (referee)
• 1 referee and two assistant, 4th official.

A01 gymastic (gjmastic based sport)

Vault is gymnastics based sport with apparatus; it is also the skill performed using the apparatus.
Equipment
The first ever vault apparatus was a vaulting horse. It was set up with its longest side to perpendicular for a run if you were a woman, and parallel if you were a man. The vaulting horse was the apparatus used in the Olympics for over 100 years. The vaulting horse was used for the men in the first modern Olympic. But it was stopped from being used in the men and women gymnastics at the 2000 Olympics.
Girl’s equipment are: uneven bars, beam, floor, parallel pars and a vault.
Boy’s equipment is: pommel horse, mushroom, rings, floor, parallel bars and vault.

This equipment is for all type of gymnasts.


The vaulting horse had caused serious accidents over the years, for example:
• In 1988, Julissa Gomez got paralyzed in a vaulting accident; she died 3 years later from her incident.
• In 1998 Sang LAN fell and suffered paralysis from a cervical spine injury.
• If the horse was too high or too low gymnasts either had bad landing or hit the horse from the front.
Dimensions:
• Length: 120 centimetres (3.9 ft)
• Width: 95 centimetres (3.12 ft)
Height:
• Men: 135 centimetres (4.43 ft)
• Women: 125 centimetres (4.10 ft)
Run up area:
• Length: 2,500 centimetres (82 ft)
• Width: 100 centimetres (3.3 ft)

Structure of national organization
After the problems in 2000 the international gymnastics federation (fig), changed the apparatus, this was for safety reasons and better facilities. The new apparatus were made by a Dutch gymnastic company named Janssen fritsen. It had a flat, larger, and more comfortable surface, which was parallel to the floor, and it sloped downwards at the end which was closer to the spring board, gymnastics nicknamed it the tongue.
In 2007 a Dutch junior gymnast imke glas was seriously injured in a fall on the vault.
Position:
Vaults are divided into five different groups, called families. The most common family performed is the front handspring style.
To perform the vault, you hit from the springboard onto the vault table, touching the table as if you were performing a handspring. Your weight is then briefly held on the table by your hands for the "block," after which you push off the table and dismount.
There is the half on vault. The half on vault is the way the body twists before touching the vault. A basic move in gymnastics, the half on vault involves twisting your body one-half turn before your body makes contact with the vaulting table.

There is the stoop on vaults; a stoop on vault involves picking your legs after hitting the springboard. Once in the air, your hands are placed firmly on the vault table, allowing your legs to be picked, or bent at the hips only instead of the knees. This allows your feet to be placed between the hands on the table, and then pressed off the vault table.
There is the straddle vault, which is a vault when the run and jump are similar to other vaults, but the movement of the legs involves a straddle position. A straddle position in gymnastics refers to opening the legs any amount from just a little to more than 180 degrees, or a splits position. In the straddle vault, the legs are separated enough for the legs to arrive on either side of the hands. Once the feet hit the platform, the gymnast stands up.

Those are the main vaults.
RULES:
Gymnastic was officially an Olympic game in 1952, and was ever since. Gymnastics rules are made by FIG which stands for Federation International Gymnastique, they were formed in 1881 to do the rules.
In the mid-1950 a series of rules was developed to standardise competitive gymnastics:
• Gymnasts are only allowed to make one attempt on each apparatus.
• Assistants known as 'spotters' may stand next to specified pieces of apparatus to prevent risk of injury but 0.4 will be taken off the final score if help is required.
• Spotters are allowed to help gymnasts mount the still rings and the horizontal bars.
• Gymnasts may wear bandages or leather grips to increase friction on the apparatus.
• Gymnasts may be penalised for what the judges consider to be unsporting behaviour.
• Gymnasts may repeat a routine if it has been interrupted by an external factor.
• Gymnasts must obtain permission to leave the arena during a competition.
Scoring
Gymnastics events are scored by two groups of judges: difficulty judges and execution judges who each award the gymnast a mark out of ten at the end of their routine. If a minor error is made 0.1 is taken off the final mark but more serious errors may cost the gymnast anything up to 0.4 of a point deduction. If the gymnast falls off a piece of apparatus half a point is deducted. Once each judge has given a mark, the highest and lowest scores are discounted and the gymnast's overall score is averaged from the remaining scores.
The judges score you on things like:
• The height of the jump.
• The clarity of the jump.
• The balance.
• If its aesthetically pleasing
• Start and finishing position.
• Good form and execution
• A good landing.
• A stuck landing
• Unique of the routine.
Structure of leagues: The leagues in gymnastics are as followed.
• British Championships
• British Open Tournament
• World Trampoline Championships
• European Championships
• World Artistic Championships
• The Challenge Cup

There are a lot of teams in gymnastics. Some of these teams are countries and cities even towns
THE TOP 3 MEN:
These are the top 3 men in gymnastic
• Ito M. He is from Japan
• Fedorenkon. He’s from Russia
• Merinon. He’s from Portugal
THE TOP 3 WOMEN:
These are the top 3 women in gymnastic
• Driscoll k she is British
• Rente A she is portages
• Cockburn k she is Canadian

Role model:

A top role model in gymnastics is Katherine driscoll.
She is a good role model, because she has never been accused of doing anything wrong, also she started from the bottom like every normal person and made her way up to become the best women gymnastic.

AO2 Swimming (Athletic based sport)

Skills:
The basic skills you need to know to be good at swimming are
• Positioning: You need positioning because you need to position yourself on your own lane, and you need to have your body in the best swimming position to stop drag and increase your speed. To do this your body has to be straight and long, parallel to the surface water, as you swim. • Strokes/movement: You need to know the freestyle, backstroke, Breastroke and butterfly because these are the main strokes and you need to do these strokes in medley in a specific order.
• Rotation: To swim faster you need to grab the water then press and you must add body rotation.
• Pressing: You must press on the water with the largest muscles. For most swimmers it is the muscles in your chest and back, not in your arms or shoulders.
• Grab/catch: You must grab or catch the water so you can push yourself forward with your muscle power. To do this you should imagine as if you are grabbing food. This way, you go faster.

Technique:
• Position. Your position is vital because it helps you swim faster and it reduces drag and increases your speed. You can do this by Imaging that you are swimming in a long tube. Keep yourself in that tube as you move forward. You might use a gentle kick, it may require looking a little more backwards than down, but practice your positioning.
• Strokes: Strokes are vital because they help you swim and move in the water. I am going to describe the backstroke and how you do it. The backstroke is easier than the butterfly or breaststroke and similar to the front crawl. The two keys to a proper backstroke are (1) that your arms move with equal strength, otherwise you will swim off to one side, and (2) that your body rolls from side to side so that your arms catch enough water to propel you forward.
• Rotation. This is important because when your arm is grabbing the water, your body is rotated so that the grabbing arm is under water and the opposite side is above water or at least closer to the water's surface than the grabbing arm. You can improve your rotation by imaging a string going from your hip to your palm. Move your hip to start and press by pulling on that string when the hip begins to rotate from a deeper position to a shallower position.
• Pressing. This is important because it helps you move faster and when you pres on water your back and chest muscle pull your arm from front to behind your chest, and your armpit feels like a pocket when you apply force to the water.

• Grab/catch. Grab is important because it helps you move. You can do this by Imaging that you are reaching forward and down over a wall as you swim, with the edge of the wall at your elbow. Point your fingertips towards the bottom of the pool, point your elbow up towards the sky or out towards the side, and think of everything from the elbow joint down your forearm and through your fingertips as one large paddle.
Tactic:
A good tactic for swimming is to watch your opponents and see how fast or slow they are, then you need to know how hard you need to train to beat them.
Another good tactic would be to enter a race that has a specific stroke that you know you are good at; this would benefit you because you have a good chance of winning.
Strategies:
A good swimming strategy is to do only the strokes you are fast at for the whole event. That way you have a great chance of winning.
A bad strategy would be to try strokes that you are slow at for the wholes race, if you do this there is a big chance you would lose all your races.

AO1 swimming (athletic based sport)

Rules of the game.
The rules of (Olympic) swimming are governed by FINA (federation international de Natation).
The swimming rules use four basic swimming styles or strokes, freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly, or you could use all four in one race this is called the IM or individual madley.
When swimming Breastroke or butterfly it is important that you always touch the end walls with both hands together.
When you touch the wall at each turn or at the end of the race, you must do it two handed and this can be, above or below the water level.
You have to start with a dive.
The start of a Backstroke and Medley Relay races have to start from the water.
Any swimmer, who started before the starting signal, is disqualified. If the starting signal sounds before the disqualification, the race will continue and the swimmer or swimmers will be disqualified after finishing the race, if the disqualification is declared before the starting signal, the signal shall not be given, but the remaining swimmers have to be called back and start again.

Playing positions:
There are only four playing position in swimming, freestyle, backstroke, breastroke and butterfly.
Freestyle is:
Freestyle:
Freestyle means that the swimmers may swim and stroke, except in medley or medley relay, freestyle means any style other than backstroke, breast stroke or butterfly.
Freestyle also means the swimmer must touch the wall, when completing each length.
Some part of the swimmer must be on the surface of the water throughout the race, except if he is turning, and he cannot be under for more than 15 meters.
People in freestyle swimming can use any of the strokes such as front crawl, dog paddle, or sidestroke, etc. Stand-alone freestyle events can also be swum using one of the officially regulated strokes (breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke). For the freestyle part of medley competitions, however, you cannot use breaststroke, butterfly, or backstroke. Most competitive swimmers choose the front crawl during freestyle competitions, as this style provides the greatest speed.
Backstrokes:
The swimmers should line up in the water facing the starting end, with both hands holding the starting grips. Standing in or on the gutter or bending the toes over the lip of the gutter is prohibited.
At the signal for starting, the swimmer should push off and swim upon his back throughout the race, except when turning..
Some part of the swimmer has to be on the surface throughout the race.
Breastroke:
From the beginning of the first arm stroke after the start and, the body has to be kept on the breast. It is not allowed to roll onto the back at any time. Throughout the race the stroke must be one arm stroke and one leg stroke in that order.

You have to be on your chest and your torso doesn’t rotate.
The leg action of the breaststroke originated by copying the swimming action of frogs.
Butterfly:
From the begging of the race your body has to be kept on the breast.
You are allowed to kick underwater
You’re not allowed to rule onto your back at all.
You're hands have to be synchronised, so if one arm is over the water the other hand has to be brought over the water.
The leg and feet need to be n the same level.
You have to touch the wall with both hands, and it has to be above water.


Dimension of swimming pool:
The Olympic swimming pool is 50m long and 25m width.
They are 10 lanes and they are 2.5m of width from each other.
The water temperature is 25-28C.
The depth is 2.0m
The minimum volume is 2,500m3 or 2,500,000.
Structure of national organizations/competitions:
In 1538, Nicolas Wynman, German professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book.
Competitive swimming in Europe started around 1800, mostly using breaststroke.
The front crawl, then called the trudgen (now known predominantly as the "front crawl" or "freestyle") was introduced in 1873 by John Arthur Trudgen.
Swimming was part of the first modern 1896 Olympic Games in Athens
In 1900, Backstroke was included as an Olympic Event.
In 1908the world swimming association Federation Internationale de Natation was formed.
Butterfly was first a variant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in the 1952 Olympics.
At present, there are the four recognized strokes like butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle; while the IM ("Individual Medley") is a combination of all four of the strokes in a specific order.
Swimming has been around since the caveman days this has been concluded by evidence of pictures drawn on cave walls. Competitive swimming appeared at the first modern Olympics in 1896 in Athens but started in the earlier 1800's.
The organization of swimming is fina also known as Federation Internationale de Natation they govern swimming, diving, water polo, synchronized swimming and open water swimming.

· FINA was founded on July 19, 1908 in the Manchester Hotel in london uk at the end of the .
· They are not any leagues in swimming that I can find except the Olympics and the national arena swimming league. Also the arena swimming league b, but I am not sure if these are the real leagues so I can’t discuss much about the leagues.
Role models/top players:
Michael Phelps, was born on the 30th of June 1985. He is an American swimmer who has won 16 Olympic medals, he has got 6 gold and 2 bronze at Athens in 2004, and 8 gold at Beijing in 2008. One of the things I most admire about him was at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games he gave up his spot in the Men’s 4x100m Medley relay so that Ian Crocker could swim the 100m Fly leg. Ian Crocker had missed out on a Gold Medal through illness, but had recovered during the competition.
Equipment:
The equipment you need for swimming are E.G
Practice suit, drag suit.
Goggles. For been able to see while swimming.
Cap: Cuts out drag that hair has
Fins: used for kicking or swimming
Pull buoy: A piece of foam that you put between your legs so you can pull and focus on your arms. This prevents kicking and also keeps legs afloat. A strap or tube can also be substituted for this
Paddles: Increase pull against the water
Snorkel: this allows you to breathe while you swim.
Kick board
Warmups